民事赔偿责任是对侵犯他人民事权利的法律后果所承担的金钱补救的民事责任。民事赔偿责任可产生于合同、侵权等领域。其秉承的原则是“有多少损害，赔偿多少”，既要让受害人填平损失，又不能让受害人由此获利。在实际民事诉讼中，民事赔偿责任（civil liability for damages）主要有以下几种：
actual damages 实际损害赔偿
对实际伤害或损失给予的赔偿。它既指损害赔偿的类型，也指损害可予以补偿的性质。因此，由于伤害导致的实际损害赔偿事实上有别于名义损害赔偿或惩罚性损害赔偿。
Real,substantial and just damages, or the amount awarded to a complainant in compensation for his actual and real loss or injury, as opposed on the one hand to “nominal”（名义的）damages, and on the other to “exemplary” or “punitive” damages.
exemplary damages 惩罚性损害赔偿
指由于被告的暴力、强制、诈欺、恶意行为加重了原告的损害，从而判决给予原告以超过实际或通常程度的损害赔偿金，以示对被告的惩罚。Punitive damages, or exemplary damages, are damages assessed in order to punish the defendant for outrageous conduct and/or to reform or deter the defendant and others from engaging in conduct similar to that which formed the basis of the lawsuit.
compensatory damages补偿性损害赔偿
指用于补偿实际的和精神的损失、伤害的一切损害赔偿金，但不包括惩罚性损害赔偿金〔punitive or exemplary damages〕和名义损害赔偿金〔nominal damages〕。Compensatory damages are money awarded to a plaintiff to compensate for damages, injury, or another incurred loss. Compensatory damages are awarded in civil court cases where loss has occurred as a result of the negligence or unlawful conduct of another party.
direct damages 直接损害赔偿
是指被诉行为自然、通常产生的损失，该损失可以为侵权或违约方所合理预见，不需要被特别证明或主张。Direct Damages means actual damages or losses suffered by me or any other party as a result of a direct and immediate action by you and shall not include any compensation for special, punitive, indirect, incidental or consequential damages or losses of any kind whatsoever, including but not limited to loss of profits, ...
consequential damages 间接损害赔偿
指由损害行为的某些后果所致的损害，而非由该行为直接导致的损害，即损害出于一般未预料到而与后果又有关的另一特殊情况的发生。这种损害有的可起诉，有的不能起诉。 Consequential damages, otherwise known as special damages, are damages that can be proven to have occurred because of the failure of one party to meet a contractual obligation, a breach of contract. From a legal standpoint, an enforceable contract is present when it is: expressed by a valid offer and acceptance, has adequate consideration, mutual assent, capacity, and legality
incidental damages附带损害赔偿
指由某些损害行为附带的损害，而非由该行为直接导致的损害。A term used by the Uniform Commercial Code （美国统一商法典）, including any commercially reasonable charges, expenses or commissions incurred in stopping delivery and in the transportation, care and custody of goods after the buyer’s breach, in connection with the return or resale of the goods or otherwise resulting from the breach.
UCC中对其的规定如下：
(1) 因货物停止交付、运输和仓储发生的费用、佣金；
(2) 卖方因重新出售货物而发生的费用；
(3) 买方因更换货物而发生的费用；
(4) 其他附带损失。
liquidated damages 约定损害赔偿
当事人双方在订立合同时，可以预先估计一方当事人违约所可能造成的损失，在合同中规定违约方应支付的赔偿金的确定数额。一旦合同当事人就违约金的数额达成协议，则无论其是高于还是低于违约造成的实际损害，这一固定数额都是损害赔偿金的标准。This term is applicable when the amount of the damages has been ascertained by the judgment in an action, or when a specific sum of money has been expressly stipulated by the parties to a bond or other contracts as the amount of damages to be recovered by either party for a breach of the agreement by the other.
un-liquidated damages 数额待定赔偿
指损害赔偿已经裁定或判决而成立，但其数额未能以某一固定公式加以确定，须由法官或陪审团根据案件的全部情况、当事人的行为，甚或其主观意见或估计而予自由酌定。亦指非由当事人先约定数额之损害赔偿金，尤指违约损害赔偿金。 Such as are not yet reduced to a certain amount, or such as cannot be fixed by a mere mathematical calculation from ascertained data in the case.
pecuniary damages 金钱赔偿
指一切可用金钱衡量和补偿的资金、财产、权利、利益等的损失赔偿。虽然该词在早先的判例中较常见，但由于损害赔偿总是以金钱支付的，故现在多以其为赘词。 Pecuniary damages are simply quantifiable compensatory damages. They can be measured in financial terms, and they're included in most civil cases.
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